Abstract

Abstract Background and Aims Climate change is causing increasing temperatures and drought, creating new environmental conditions, which species must cope with. Plant species can respond to these shifting environments by escaping to more favourable environments, undergoing adaptive evolution or exhibiting phenotypic plasticity. In this study, we investigate genotype responses to variation in environmental conditions (genotype-by-environment interactions) over multiple years to gain insights into the plasticity and potential adaptive responses of plants to environmental changes in the face of climate change. Methods We transplanted 16 European genotypes of Fragaria vesca (Rosaceae), the woodland strawberry, reciprocally between four sites along a latitudinal gradient from 40°N (Spain) to 70°N (northern Finland). We examined genotype-by-environment interactions in plant performance traits (fruit and stolon production and rosette size) in ambient weather conditions and a reduced precipitation treatment (as a proxy for drought) at these sites over 2 years. Key Results Our findings reveal signals of local adaptation for fruit production at the latitudinal extremes of F. vesca distribution. No clear signals of local adaptation for stolon production were detected. Genotypes from higher European latitudes were generally smaller than genotypes from lower latitudes across almost all sites, years and both treatments, indicating a strong genetic control of plant size in these genotypes. We found mixed responses to reduced precipitation: several genotypes exhibited poorer performance under the reduced precipitation treatment across most sites and years, with the effect being most pronounced at the driest site, whereas other genotypes responded to reduced precipitation by increasing fruit and/or stolon production and/or growing larger across most sites and years, particularly at the wettest site. Conclusions This study provides insights into the influence of different environments on plant performance at a continental scale. Although woodland strawberry seems locally adapted in more extreme environments, reduced precipitation results in winners and losers among its genotypes. This might ultimately reduce genetic variation in the face of increasing drought frequency and severity, with implications for the capacity of the species to adapt.